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How Muthulakshmi Reddy became the first female lawmaker in British India and the first female physician in the Madras Presidency

Richa Pandey
23 Mar, 2025

Dr. Muthulakshmi Reddy was a trailblazer in Indian history, breaking barriers and setting new benchmarks for women in both medicine and politics. Born on July 30, 1886, in the princely state of Pudukottai (now in Tamil Nadu), she became the first female lawmaker in British India and the first female physician in the Madras Presidency. Her life and achievements were a testament to her determination, intellect, and unwavering commitment to social reform, women’s rights, and public health.

Early Life and Education

Muthulakshmi Reddy was born into a progressive family, which played a significant role in shaping her aspirations. Her father, Narayanaswami Iyer, was the principal of Maharaja’s College, and her mother, Chandrammal, was a devadasi. Despite societal prejudices, her father encouraged her education, which was uncommon for girls at the time. Muthulakshmi excelled academically and became the first girl student in Pudukottai to be admitted to a boys’ school. Her passion for learning led her to pursue higher education, and she eventually enrolled at Madras Medical College, where she became the first woman to study medicine in the Madras Presidency.

Pioneering Medical Career

After completing her studies, Muthulakshmi Reddy became the first female physician in the Madras Presidency, a remarkable achievement in a male-dominated field. She joined the Government Maternity and Ophthalmic Hospital in Chennai (then Madras) as a surgeon, where she dedicated herself to improving healthcare for women and children. Her work in medicine was not just a professional milestone but also a step toward empowering women by addressing their health needs and challenging societal norms that restricted their access to medical care.

Entry into Politics

Muthulakshmi Reddy’s contributions extended beyond medicine. She was deeply involved in social reform, particularly in advocating for women’s rights and the abolition of the devadasi system, which exploited young girls in the name of tradition. Her activism caught the attention of the Indian National Congress, and in 1926, she was nominated to the Madras Legislative Council. This made her the first female lawmaker in British India, a historic moment that paved the way for greater female participation in politics.

As a legislator, Muthulakshmi Reddy championed several progressive causes. She introduced bills to raise the age of marriage for girls, improve healthcare infrastructure, and combat the exploitation of women. Her efforts led to the passage of the Devadasi Abolition Act in 1947, which outlawed the practice and provided rehabilitation for affected women. She also played a key role in establishing the Avvai Home, a shelter for orphaned girls and women in need.

Legacy and Impact

Muthulakshmi Reddy’s legacy is one of courage, compassion, and relentless advocacy for social justice. She co-founded the Women’s Indian Association (WIA) in 1917, alongside Annie Besant and Margaret Cousins, to promote women’s education and political participation. Her work laid the foundation for future generations of women to enter medicine, politics, and social reform.

In recognition of her contributions, she was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1956. Her life remains an inspiration, reminding us of the power of education, determination, and the importance of challenging societal norms to create a more equitable world. Muthulakshmi Reddy’s pioneering achievements in medicine and politics continue to resonate, making her a true icon of Indian history.